José Ortega y Gasset deu em Lisboa, em 1944, um curso universitário intitulado La razón histórica. Não obstante ter ficado incompleto, após interrupção por doença do autor, ele é talvez um dos mais importantes vestígios da sua estada em Portugal, durante a última etapa do seu longo exílio. Em edição da Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, Margarida I. Almeida Amoedo disponibiliza agora a tradução desse curso, enquadrando-o no contexto próximo da obra orteguiana.

The VIDAS data set presents data from 200 participants from different countries and language backgrounds. They completed an oral expression and interaction test in the context of a Spanish certification exam for adult migrants. The aim of the VIDAS data set is to provide researchers in psycholinguistics and second language acquisition with a Spanish spoken corpus of traditionally marginalized and underrepresented learners, providing a compelling data set of oral interactions by migrants and refugees. The corpus contains more than 29 h (...) of recordings of the oral interactions of the participants with trained interviewers, as well as background information about the participants. It furthermore contains the scores obtained by the participants in the oral expression and interaction exam. The VIDAS corpus allows for the development of studies on L2 spoken language comprehension and processing, as well as for comparative analyses of language acquisition between different L1 groups at different linguistic levels. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente estudo investiga de modo introdutório como se articulam as noções de feminino, sexualidade e intelecção em Tomás de Aquino e Christine de Pizan. Buscamos entender, aqui, se, para os autores, a sexualidade humana possui alguma função na operação que apreende o inteligível, quer dizer, investigamos se a característica normal, material e natural de determinado corpo humano em possuir estes ou aqueles órgãos naturais têm influência na operação intelectual. Nesta investigação, ademais, nos concentramos na tese afirmada por Tomás (...) segundo a qual a potência intelectual humana do animal fêmea é inferior à potência intelectual do animal macho e, isso, simplesmente porque o animal fêmea é fêmea, uma tese totalmente arbitrária e inconsistente, se lida a partir de noção de feminino de Christine. Para cumprir com o objetivo, o texto possui três seções. Na primeira, apresentamos a tese de Christine segundo a qual a fêmea humana é perfeita por natureza. Na segunda, por sua vez, analisamos a tese tomista segundo a qual não há uma mecânica própria para a geração da fêmea vivípara. Na terceira, enfim, investigamos os fundamentos da asserção tomista sobre a deficiência da intelecção feminina. (shrink)

Este artigo investigou a interação dos fatores de risco e de proteção nos processos de resiliência de meninas vítimas de violência sexual, pela perspectiva bioecológica do desenvolvimento humano. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho exploratório, com estudo de casos múltiplos. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com duas meninas de 11 a 12 anos, e seus respectivos responsáveis, que se encontravam em atendimento em um centro de referência a situações de violência sexual da rede de proteção de Porto Alegre/RS. Foi realizada (...) uma análise de conteúdo das entrevistas. Os resultados indicaram que, mesmo na presença de fatores de risco como a violência sexual, a existência de fatores de proteção a nível familiar, contextual e individual, contribuiu para a construção dos processos de resiliência. Ressalta-se a importância de fomentar uma maior integração da rede de assistência e proteção à criança para contribuir com os processos de resiliência em contextos de risco. (shrink)

O artigo propõe uma aproximação entre dois campos de pesquisa distintos, mas com notórias afinidades eletivas: o campo da arqueologia e o da estética filosófica. Pretende-se saber de que modo, no interior do pensamento dialético de Adorno, articulam-se os conceitos de pré-história e proto-história, tendo como fio condutor a temática da arte rupestre e a sua contrapartida moderna, isto é, a reprodutibilidade técnica. Tal aproximação tem como ponto de partida um instigante parágrafo da obra póstuma de Adorno, “Ästhetische Theorie”, presente (...) na subseção assim classificada por Rolf Tiedmann como "Moderne Kunst und Industrielle Produktion", no qual Adorno afirma que há uma convergência entre a arte rupestre e a câmera fotográfica, que se daria na objetivação, isto é, na ação de separar o ato subjetivo do objeto que é visto. A partir desta constatação, a contribuição maior deste artigo estaria em identificar uma espécie de proto-história da reprodutibilidade técnica no mundo pré-histórico. Deste modo, numa perspectiva radicalmente dialética pode-se dizer que o progresso virtual e tecnológico sentido nas últimas décadas não representa algo qualitativamente novo na história humana, sendo apenas um desdobramento de uma tendência já contida na pré-história, algo que nos leva a crer que não conseguimos ainda superar o estado de imanência mítica denunciado amplamente por Adorno e Horkheimer na “Dialektik der Aufklärung. Para demonstrar isto o presente artigo almeja reconstruir as principais linhas de força da "Dialética do Esclarecimento", centrando na categoria de mito. Após, pretende apresentar a relação entre pré-história e proto-história no contexto do pensamento adorniano, especialmente nas obras e nos ensaios do período intermediário de sua bibliografia, tais como “Minima Moralia” e “Prismen”. Por último, deseja apresentar algumas reflexões de Adorno sobre a arte rupestre e a reprodutibilidade técnica presentes na Teoria Estética. (shrink)

Crescimento econômico, combate à pobreza, a eficiência produtiva e a livre concorrência são afetados pela corrução. A globalização estreitou relações entre países e possibilitou um salto no fluxo de negócios em todo o mundo. Este movimento trouxe para empresas que operam em mercados globais, a necessidade de produzir com mais eficiência e agilidade. Por outro lado, criou ambiente mais favorável à corrupção. Governos e empresas se engajam no compromisso de tentar diminuí-la. Convenções internacionais promovem ações práticas para atingir este propósito. (...) A criação e aplicação de leis anticorrupção e o fomento às práticas de Compliance tem sido uma alternativa viável. (shrink)

Estas reflexões se propõem analisar a questão do sujeito e suas relações com o prazer, o desprazer e o gozo na pós-modernidade a partir das perspectivas de Montaigne e Freud. Com efeito, estes dois exploradores da mente e do comportamento humanos revelam várias similitudes entre si, apesar dos mais de trezentos anos que os separam e das diferenças de método de que se serviram para elaborarem suas descobertas. Montaigne centra suas análises sobre os motivos e os móbeis do agir humano (...) a partir do pensamento dos moralistas clássicos e, em especial, dos estoicos e de Plutarco. Quanto a Freud, ele tem em seu favor a teoria e a experiência analíticas que lhe permitiram trazer à tona, simbolizando-a, a linguagem do inconsciente. Ambos os pensadores, porém, souberam captar, nas suas nuanças e gradações, as relações que se dão entre o prazer, o desprazer e o gozo e, assim, anteciparam um dos temas proeminentes da chamada pós-modernidade. (shrink)

Nuestro principal objetivo en este trabajo es el de analizar si es posible construir sistemas lógicos temporales-epistémicos lo suficientemente satisfactorios. Sin embargo, las principales dificultades para lograr este propósito provienen del hecho de tener que combinar una perspectiva temporal absoluta con una perspectiva epistémica relativa a cada agente; es decir, por un lado, los instantes de tiempo vienen determinados desde el punto de vista de un observador situado fuera del mundo, y, por otro lado, las alternativas epistémicas de cada agente (...) son relativas a dicho agente. Pensamos que algunas de estas dificultades podrían ser superadas con la ayuda de las lógicas híbridas, puesto que este tipo de lógicas simplifica la combinación de sistemas temporales y epistémicos, y así podemos evitar tener que construir modelos excesivamente complicados. Our main goal in this paper is to analyse if it is possible to build some suitable Temporal-Epistemic Systems. However, the main difficulties in order to aim this goal come from the fact of having to combine an absolute temporal perspective with a relative epistemic perspective; that is, on one hand, temporal points are determined from the point of view of an observer placed outside the world, and, on the other hand, the epistemic alternatives of each agent are relative to that agent. We think that some of these difficulties could be solved with the help of hybrid logics, because this kind of logics simplifies the combination of temporal and epistemic systems, and so we can avoid building highly complicated models. (shrink)

The main aim of our study was to determinate whether a repeated bout (RB) (vs. first bout [FB]) of sprint interval cycling exercise (SIE) is sufficient to mitigate SIE-induced psychological and physiological biomarker kinetics within 48 h after the exercise. Ten physically active men (age, 22.6 ± 5.2 years; VO2max, 44.3 ± 5.7 ml/kg/min) performed the FB of sprint interval cycling exercise (12 repeats of 5 s each) on one day and the RB 2 weeks later. The following parameters were (...) measured: motor performance (voluntary, electrically induced and isokinetic skeletal muscle contraction torque, and central activation ratio [CAR]); stress markers (BDNF, cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine); inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-); metabolic markers (glucose and lactate); muscle and rectal temperature; cycling power output; and psychological perceptions. The average cycling power output and neuromuscular fatigue after exercise did not differ between the FB and RB. There were significant decreases in cortisol and BDNF concentration at 12 h (P < 0.05) and 24 h (P < 0.001) after the FB, respectively. The decrease in cortisol concentration observed 12 h after exercise was significantly greater after the RB (P < 0.05) than after the FB. The immune-metabolic response to the RB (vs. FB) SIE was suppressed and accompanied by lower psychological exertion. Most of the changes in psychological and physiological biomarkers in the FB and RB were closely related to the response kinetics of changes in BDNF concentration. (shrink)

Female sex steroids can affect the motor system, modulating motor cortex excitability as well as performance in dexterity and coordination tasks. However, it has not yet been explored whether FSS affects the cognitive components of motor behavior. Mu is a sensorimotor rhythm observed by electroencephalography in alpha and beta frequency bands in practices such as motor imagery and action observation. This rhythm represents a window for studying the activity of neural circuits involved in motor cognition. Herein we investigated whether the (...) alpha-mu and beta-mu power in the sensorimotor region and the alpha and beta power over frontal, parietal, and occipital regions are modulated differently in the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases of menstrual cycles in right-handed dominant women. To do so, these women underwent MI and AO in the three menstrual cycle phases. The spectral activity of the cortical regions for the alpha and beta bands were compared between phases of the menstrual cycle and a correlation analysis was also performed in relation to estrogen and progesterone levels. For the hypothesis-based approach, beta-mu event-related desynchronization was significantly stronger in the C3 channel in the follicular phase than in the menstrual and luteal phases. For the data-driven approach, beta ERD during MI was higher in the follicular phase than in the menstrual and luteal phases in the frontal region. These findings suggest the effect of FSS on executive movement control. No effect of menstrual cycle phases was observed in cortical areas investigated during OA, but alpha and beta bands correlated positively with the follicular phase plasma estradiol level. Thus, the attenuation of alpha and beta bands referring to mirror neuron activities appears to be associated with inhibition of cortical activity when estradiol levels are lower, improving cognitive processing of motor action. (shrink)

This article presents a set of principles for knowledge modeling in knowledge organization systems in specific domains. It discusses the representational problem, comparing the abstraction mechanisms present in the theories related to representation in concept systems, taken from foundational authors of information science, computer science, and terminology approaches. Parallel to this context, several representational possibilities arise to assist the modeler in the activity of elaborating models of representation. It describes the application of theoretical and methodological principles when organizing, representing, and (...) managing navigation on learning paths in the corporate education field. As a concept proof, it exposes a conceptual model of learning paths and discusses a literature review on this subject to verify to what extent these principles are being applied. It concludes that we can consider the principles discussed in this study as relevant, since they expand the modelers’ freedom, not making him hostage to a specific model. (shrink)

O ARTIGO ACOMPANHA A IMPORTÂNCIA E A SIGNIFICAÇÃO DO CONCEITO DE IRONIA ROMÂNTICA NAS OBRAS DE JUVENTUDE DE GYÖRGY LUKÁCS. AO COMPARAR OS CONCEITOS DE IRONIA E DE TRÁGICO, E SUAS FIGURAÇÕES ARTÍSTICAS, LUKÁCS ABORDA ALGUNS DOS PRINCIPAIS PROBLEMAS ESTÉTICOS DO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XX, COMO O DAS DIFERENÇAS HISTÓRICAS ENTRE OS GÊNEROS LITERÁRIOS E O DAS RELAÇÕES ENTRE FORMA E FILOSOFIA, ARTE E VIDA.

In western cultures, when it comes to places of worship and liturgies, music, acoustics and architecture go hand in hand. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether the emotions evoked by music are enhanced by the acoustics of the space where the music was composed to be played on. We explored whether the emotional responses of western naïve listeners to two vocal pieces from the Renaissance, one liturgical and one secular, convolved with the impulse responses of four Christian (...) temples from the United Kingdom, were modulated by the appropriate piece/space matching. In an alternative forced choice task where participants had to indicate their preference for the original recording of the piece (not convolved with any temple-like acoustics) vs. the convolved one, no significant differences were found. However, in the tasks where participants rated their emotional in response to each piece and acoustic condition, the factorial ANCOVA analyses performed on the results revealed significant effects. We observed that, across pieces and spaces, participants found the temple-like acoustics as more transcendent, compared to the acoustics of the original version of the pieces. In addition, they rated the secular piece as more tender and the liturgical piece as more expressive in its original versions, compared to the convolved ones. We conclude that the acoustic signature of the four Christian temples causes an exaltation of certain emotions on listeners, although this effect is not associated to one or another musical piece. (shrink)

No espaço midiático, o culto à aparência corporal propaga a imagem de um corpo feminino bonito, jovem e magro. Com relação à mulher que vive no campo, a imagem difundida é de uma mulher alheia aos cuidados com a beleza, “desleixada”. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a satisfação com a imagem corporal e a influência dos meios de comunicação em mulheres em um assentamento rural de Jataí-Go. Foi aplicado o Body Shape Questionnaire a 25 mulheres e realizada entrevista com (...) oito mulheres. Os resultados indicam que maioria das participantes está satisfeita com a sua imagem corporal, embora afirmem que realizariam algum procedimento cirúrgico para fins estéticos. (shrink)

Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del paciente Diretivas antecipadas de vontade: desafios éticos no cuidado do paciente Advance healthcare directives are intended for the individual to personally express their will and preferences about healthcare and treatment ahead of time. This literature review aims to describe the concept and structure of advance directives and the ethical aspects involved in patient care. Using the keywords “Advance Healthcare Directive” AND “Ethical Implication” and its Spanish equivalents, five databases were accessed: ProQuest, Philosophy, (...) PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo. Publications were narrowed down to the 2010-2018 period. Thirty-one articles were obtained and read critically. Results of this review were grouped into the following categories: concept, structure, clinical situations in which advance directives apply, strengths and limitations, as well as the ethical aspects involved. End of life-related experiences in which a person loses their ability to make decisions and cannot express their wishes, so it is impossible to know their will, are more common nowadays. Most health workers are not appropriately trained in the preparation and application of advance directives, which becomes an opportunity to research and delve deeper into the subject. Advance directives are a tool that gives health workers reliable information on a patient’s values and wishes, so it is vital to train them to provide respectful quality care. Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Forero J, Vargas I, Bernales M. Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del paciente. Pers Bioet. 2019;23:224-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2019.23.2.5 Recibido: 26/01/2019 Aceptado: 22/08/2019. (shrink)

Sceptical theists--e.g., William Alston and Michael Bergmann--have claimed that considerations concerning human cognitive limitations are alone sufficient to undermine evidential arguments from evil. We argue that, if the considerations deployed by sceptical theists are sufficient to undermine evidential arguments from evil, then those considerations are also sufficient to undermine inferences that play a crucial role in ordinary moral reasoning. If cogent, our argument suffices to discredit sceptical theist responses to evidential arguments from evil.

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

On the basis of arguments showing that none of the most influential analyses of Moore's paradox yields a successful resolution of the problem, a new analysis of it is offered. It is argued that, in attempting to render verdicts of either inconsistency or self-contradiction or self-refutation, those analyses have all failed to satisfactorily explain why a Moore-paradoxical proposition is such that it cannot be rationally believed. According to the proposed solution put forward here, a Moore-paradoxical proposition is one for which (...) the believer can have no non-overridden evidence. The arguments for this claim make use of some of Peter Klein's views on epistemic defeasibility. It is further suggested that this proposal may have important meta-epistemological implications. (shrink)

La ética ambiental se enfoca en la responsabilidad humana hacia el entorno, especialmente debido al abuso de los recursos naturales en la actualidad. Esta relación ha causado impactos graves en el medio ambiente y en la vida humana, señalando la necesidad de un cambio genuino y práctico para que la humanidad asuma su responsabilidad en la preservación del entorno. Al considerar los puntos de vista teológicofilosóficos presentados por el papa Francisco y la propuesta ética de Hans Jonas para la era (...) tecnológica, se busca en este estudio fusionar ambas ideas para lograr que fomenten la biodiversidad. Esto implica reconocer el papel del ser humano como administrador responsable, promoviendo una ética que oriente hacia el futuro, manteniendo el respeto por la posición del ser humano como guardián del ecosistema y su diversidad biológica. (shrink)

Moral philosophers working today on concrete moral issues seem to assume certain views that are opposite to those of their predecessors; chief among these is that morality has an objective basis, that it is not just the result of subjective reactions, but comprises a body of beliefs acquired through some kind of perception of certain traits of reality. However, the reasons for thinking that people who discuss substantive moral issues are committed to moral objectivism are either not very clear or (...) not entirely convincing. In what follows I shall examine the reasons given by John Mackie for considering that the use of first-level moral language—the language frequently used in the discussion of concrete moral problems—commits the user to moral objectivism. (shrink)

Nick Trakakis and Yujin Nagasawa criticise the argument in Almeida and Oppy . According to Trakakis and Nagasawa, we are mistaken in our claim that the sceptical theist response to evidential arguments from evil is unacceptable because it would undermine ordinary moral reasoning. In their view, there is no good reason to think that sceptical theism leads to an objectionable form of moral scepticism. We disagree. In this paper, we explain why we think that the argument of Nagasawa and (...) Trakakis fails to overthrow our objection to sceptical theism. (shrink)

We consider IOpen, the subsystem of PA (Peano Arithmetic) with the induction scheme restricted to quantifier-free formulas. We prove that each model of IOpen can be embedded in a model where the equation x 2 1 + x 2 2 + x 2 3 + x 2 4 = a has a solution. The main lemma states that there is no polynomial f(x,y) with coefficients in a (nonstandard) DOR M such that $|f(x,y)| for every (x,y) ∈ C, where C is (...) the curve defined on the real closure of M by C: x 2 + y 2 = a and $a > 0$ is a nonstandard element of M. (shrink)